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1977 International Conference on
the use of fabrics in geotechnics - Paris, France. This is considered
today as the First International
Conference on Geotextiles. The words "geotextiles" and "geomembranes" were
coined by Dr. J.P. Giroud in a paper presented at the Paris Conference.
1982 Second International Conference on Geotextiles - Las Vegas,
Nevada, USA.
- Formation of an Interim Committee in charge of preparing the foundation
of the IGS. Chairman: Ch. Schaerer; Vice-Chairmen: J.P. Giroud and
G. Massenaux; Treasurer: P.R. Rankilor.
1983 Nov. The International Geotextile Society (IGS) is founded
in Paris, France and its by-laws adopted. First IGS Council is formed.
1985 June First issue of the IGS Newsletter.
1985 Aug. Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Japanese
chapter.
1986 Apr. Approval by the IGS Council
of the formation of the US chapter. "Third International Conference
on Geotextiles" - Vienna,
Austria. (First IGS Conference)
- First general assembly of the IGS.
- The scope of the Society is extended to geomembranes and other related
products.
- The second IGS Council is formed.
1986 Aug. The first IGS
Membership Directory includes 413 individual
members and 22 corporate members.
1986 Oct. Publication of Inventory of Current Geotextile
Test Methods and Standards.
1986 Nov. "Conference on Long
Term Behaviour of Geotextiles" in
St. Remy les Chevreuse, France, with the support of the IGS.
1987 Jan. Geotextiles and
Geomembranes, an international
technical journal published by Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers,
becomes an official journal of the IGS.
1987 Feb. "Geosynthetics
'87," first national conference organized under the auspices of the IGS,
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Formation of the North American Geosynthetics Society (NAGS) as an IGS
chapter encompassing Canada and USA.
1987 Apr. Document on "Benefits
to Members" available to the membership.
1987 Aug. The second IGS Membership
Directory includes 555 individual members
and 24 corporate members.
1987 Sept. Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the UK chapter
of the IGS.
1987 Oct. "Post-Vienna Conference" held in Singapore with
the support of the IGS.
1988 Mar. The third IGS Council is formed.
1988 Apr. Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the South-East
Asia chapter. The territory covered by this chapter includes: Singapore,
Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, and Hong Kong, China.
1988 Aug. The third IGS Membership
Directory includes 674
individual members and 27 corporate members.
1988 Sept. "K Geo 88," conference
of German speaking countries held in Hamburg, Germany, with the support
of the IGS.
1988 Oct. "IS Kyushu 88," International
Geotechnical Symposium on Theory and Practice of Earth Reinforcement held
in Fukuoka, Japan, with
the support of the IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Indian chapter
of the IGS.
- The IGS Council establishes the IGS Award program.
1988 Dec. "First Indian Geotextile
Conference" organized under the auspices of the IGS, Bombay, India.
1989 Feb. "Geosynthetics
'89," North American Conference organized under the auspices of the IGS,
San Diego, California, USA.
1989 Mar. "Reflective Cracking in Pavements Conference" held
in Liège, Belgium, with the support of the IGS.
1989 Oct. The fourth IGS Membership
Directory includes 975
individual members and 34 corporate members.
1990 May Approval
by the IGS Council of the formation of the Chinese chapter of the IGS.
"Fourth International Conference on Geotextiles,
Geomembranes and Related Products," The Hague, Netherlands. (Second
IGS Conference.)
- Second general assembly of the IGS.
- Student membership initiated.
- First IGS Awards presented to J.E. Fluet and E.R.
Steinle. Young IGS Member Achievement Award to R. Jewell. Special Finalist
Recognition
Awards to R.K. Rowe, K.L. Soderman and B.L. Mylleville, and to R. Bonaparte.
- The fourth IGS Council is formed.
- The IGS Plaque presented to Guy Massenaux.
1990 Nov. The fifth IGS
Membership Directory includes 901 individual
members and 35 corporate members.
1991 Feb. "Geosynthetics '91," North
American Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Organized under the auspices
of the IGS.
1991 Sept. The sixth IGS Membership
Directory includes 1040
individual members, 39 corporate and 84 student members.
1992 May "K'Geo
'92," Conference of the German Speaking Countries, held in Lucerne, Switzerland,
supported
by the IGS.
Mercer Lecture, a jointly sponsored award (Tensar International UK, ISSMFE,
IGS), awarded to R.M. Koerner.
1992 June The fifth IGS Council is formed.
The European Activities Committee is formed.
1992 Sept. "Geofad '92," International
Symposium on Geotextiles in Filtration and Drainage, Cambridge, U.K., organized
by the UK Chapter under the auspices of the IGS.
1992 Oct. "Geofilters '92," International
Conference on Filters and Filtration Phenomena in Geotechnical Engineering,
held in Karlsruhe,
Germany, with the support of the IGS.
- "Third Geosynthetics Symposium of China," Yizheng, P.R. China, with the support of the IGS.
- "IS Kyushu'92," International Symposium
on Soil Reinforcement, Fukuoka, Japan, with the support of the IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of,
the Indonesian Chapter,
INA-IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Netherlands Chapter
of the IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Italian Chapter
AGI-IGS.
1992 Nov. "International
Symposium on Applications of Geosynthetic Technology," Jakarta,
Indonesia, organized by the Indonesian Chapter with the support of the IGS.
1992 Dec. The seventh IGS Membership
Directory includes 1146 individual
members, 48 corporate members, 7 associate corporate members, and 70 student
members.
1993 Mar. "Geosynthetics
'93," North American Conference, Vancouver, Canada, with the support of
the
IGS.
1993 Sept. "Rencontres '93",
Geotextiles and Geomembranes Conference, Paris, France, with the support
of the IGS.
1993 Oct. "Sardinia
'93 International Landfill Symposium," S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari,
Italy, with the support of the IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the French Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the German Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Korea Chapter.
1993 Dec. The eighth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1476 individual
members, 50 corporate members, and 82 student members.
1994 Jan. The Mercer Lecture is awarded to J.P. Gourc.
1994 Sept. "Fifth
International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products,"
Singapore. (Third IGS conference.)
- Third general assembly of the IGS.
- Change of name to International Geosynthetics Society by the general
assembly.
- Extension of membership privileges to all students at no cost over
local chapter dues.
The IGS Plaque presented to Terry Ingold.
- Second IGS Awards presented to Dr. R.J. Bathurst,
Dr. R.A. Jewell, Dr. R.M. Koerner. Jointly to Dr. J.P. Giroud and Dr.
R. Bonaparte. Jointly to Dr. F. Tatsuoka, Mr. M. Tateyama, Dr. O.
Murata, and Dr. H. Tarumi. Young IGS Member Achievement Award to Mr.
J.A. McKelvey, III.
- Special Finalist Recognition Award to Dr. I.D. Peggs.
- The sixth IGS Council is formed.
- Honorary membership presented to Gert den Hoedt.
- The Giroud Lecture is established by the IGS Council.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Latin American
Chapter. Chapter not formed.
- Geosynthetics International, an international technical journal
published by Industrial Fabrics Association International, becomes
an official journal of the IGS.
1994 Dec. The Mercer Lecture is delivered by J. P. Gourc.
The ninth IGS Membership Directory includes 1644 individuals, 59 corporate
members and 81 student members.
1995 Feb. "Geosynthetics
'95," North American Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Organized
under
the auspices of the IGS.
1995 May "The Practice of Soil
Reinforcing in Europe," London, England, with the support of the IGS.
1995 Sept. "Rencontres
'95," Geotextiles and Geomembranes Conference, Beaune, France, with the
support
of the IGS
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the South African
Chapter.
1995 Oct. "Sardinia
'95," Fifth International Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, with the
support
of the IGS.
1995 Nov. "Landfill Containment" seminar,
Glasgow, Scotland, with the support of the IGS.
1995 Dec. The tenth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1596 individuals,
62 corporate members, and 100 student members.
1996 Jan. Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the
Romanian Chapter.
1996 May "Geofilters
'96," Montreal, Canada, with the support of IGS.
1996 Sept."EuroGeo1," First European
Conference on Geosynthetics, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Organized under
the auspices
of the IGS.
- Third IGS Awards presented to Mr. Karl-Heinz Blume, Dr. Ennio Palmeira,
Dr. R. Kerry Rowe.
- Young IGS Member Award to Dr. Jorge Zornberg.
- The seventh IGS Council is formed.
1996 Oct.
- The Mercer Lecture is awarded to F. Tatsuoka.
- The first Giroud Lecture is awarded to R.M. Koerner.
1996 Nov.
- International Symposium "Recent Case Histories
and Developments in the Design of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining
Walls," Tokyo, Japan, with the support of the IGS.
- "IS Kyushu '96," International Symposium
on Earth Reinforcement, Fukuoka, Japan with the support of the IGS.
1996 Dec. The eleventh IGS
Membership Directory includes 1485
individuals, 71 corporate members and 62 student members.
1997 Jan. Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the
Brazilian Chapter.
1997 Mar. "Geosynthetics '97," North American Conference, Long Beach, California, USA. Organized under
the auspices of the IGS.
- The Asian Activities Committee is formed.
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered by F. Tatsuoka
1997 Oct.
- "Rencontres '97," Geotextiles and
Geomembranes Conference, Reims, France, with the support of the IGS.
- "PIANC '97," Reims, France, with
the support of the IGS.
1997 Oct. "Sardinia
'97," Sixth International Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di
Pula, Cagliari, Italy, with the support
of the IGS.
1997 Nov. "Geosynthetics Asia
'97," First Asian Regional Conference, Bangalore, India. Organized under
the auspices of the IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the West Pacific
Regional Chapter.
1997 Dec. The twelfth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1776
individuals, 70 corporate members, and 140 student members.
1998 Mar. "Sixth
International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, related products
and associated technologies," Atlanta, USA. (Fourth IGS Conference)
- Fourth general assembly of the IGS.
- The fourth IGS Awards presented to R.J. Fannin, H. Miki. Jointly
to R. Bathurst and Z. Cai. Jointly to T. Ingold, C. Jenner, C. Lawson
and B. Myles. Jointly to R. Wilson-Fahmy, D. Narejo and R. M. Koerner.
- Young IGS Member Award to S. Merry.
- The eighth IGS Council is formed.
- The Mercer Lecture is awarded to A. McGown.
- The South American Activities Committee is formed.
- The first Giroud Lecture is delivered by R.M. Koerner.
1998 Dec. The thirteenth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1832
individuals, 78 corporate members, and 152 student members.
1999 Apr. "Geosynthetics
'99," North American Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Organized
under
the auspices of IGS.
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered by A. McGown.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Spanish Chapter.
- A new Service Award is established by the IGS Council.
1999 Oct.
- "Sardinia '99," Seventh International
Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy, with the
support of the IGS.
- "Rencontres '99," Geotextiles and
Geomembranes Conference, Bordeaux, France, with the support of the
IGS.
- "3rd Brazilian Symposium on Geosynthetics/1st
South American Symposium on Geosynthetics," Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
with the
support of the IGS.
1999 Dec. The fourteenth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1635
individuals, 81 corporate members, and 80 student members.
2000 May "Geosynthetics
Asia 2000," Second IGS Asian Regional Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
under
the auspices of the
IGS.
- The first Student Awards presented to J.P. Sampath Kumar, India;
Liang Hong Lim, Malaysia; Young In Oh, Korea; Masahiro Shinoda, Japan;
Chairat Teerawattanasuk, Thailand; Yuen-Hao Ting, Taiwan; R.O.C.; Dave
Walters, Canada; Jinghai, Wu, P.R. China; Xia Zhu, Singapore.
- The Giroud Lecture is awarded to R. K. Rowe.
2000 June The "4th
International Conference on Ground Improvement," Helsinki, Finland,
with the support of the IGS.
2000 July "Terr@A International
Conference, New Trends in Water and Environmental Engineering for Safety
and Life," Capri, Napoli, Italy,
with the support of the IGS.
2000 Aug. "GeoDenver 2000," Boulder,
Colorado, USA, with the support of the IGS
2000 Oct. "EuroGeo 2000," Second
IGS European Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, Bologna, Italy.
Organized under the auspices
of the IGS.
- The Ninth IGS Council is formed.
- The Fifth IGS Awards presented jointly to J.P. Gourc
and K. Warlouzel. Jointly to Dr. Ing. D. Cazzuffi, P. Rimoldi, A. Scuero,
and P. Sembenelli.
- Young IGS Member Award to T. Uchimura.
- The Second Student Awards presented to: Andrea
Agosti, Italy; Marcos Barreto de Mendonça, Brazil; Silke Braumandl,
Germany; Florin Iosif, Romania; Enrique Asanza Izquierdo, Spain;
Liza du Preez, South
Africa; Colin Puch, United Kingdom; Nathalie Thouze-Foltz, France.
2000 Nov. "GeoEng
2000," Melbourne, Australia, with the support of the IGS.
2000 Dec. The fifteenth IGS Membership Directory includes 1826 individuals,
88 corporate members, and 107 student members.
2001 Jan.
- Approval
by the IGS Council of the formation of the Belgium Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the
Peruvian Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the Turkish Chapter.
2001 Feb. "Geosynthetics
2001," North American Conference, Portland, Oregon, USA. Organized under
the
auspices of the IGS.
- The first IGS Service Award was presented to D. Elton.
2001 Aug. The Mercer Lecture is awarded to R. J. Bathurst.
2001 Nov. "International Symposium
on Earth Reinforcement (IS Kyushu 2001)," Fukuoka, Japan, with
the support of the IGS.
- IGS Service Awards presented to T. Akagi and C. Lawson.
2001 Dec. The sixteenth IGS Membership
Directory includes 1841 individuals, 90 corporate
members and 81 student members.
2002 Sept. "Seventh
International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, Related Products
and Associated Technologies," Nice, France.
(Fifth IGS Conference)
- Fifth general assembly of the IGS.
- The Third Student
Awards presented to: Laurent Briançon, France; A.H. de Bondt,
The Netherlands; Stefan Cantré, Germany; Ding
Li , China; André R.S. Fahel, Brazil; Daiki Hirakawa, Japan;
Jae-Yeol Lee, Korea; Maria Rossella Massimino, Italy; Catriona Miller,
United Kingdom; Javier Moreno,
Spain; Ernest Olinic, Romania; John Pavlakis, South Africa; K. Ramu, India;
Don Saunders, North America.
- The Giroud Lecture is delivered by R.K. Rowe
- The Sixth IGS Awards presented to:
T.M. Allen, I. Al-Qadi, J.S. Thornton, Colbond-W. Voskamp. Jointly to:
B. Christopher, J. DiMaggio, V. Elias.
- The IGS Plaque presented to Liu Zong Yao, Wang
Zheng Hong, Wang Yu Ren.
- Honorary membership presented to Dr. J. P.
Giroud.
- IGS Service Award presented to Jean Renard.
- The Tenth
IGS Council is formed.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation
of the Australasian Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation
of the Thailand Chapter.
- The North American Activities Committee is formed.
- The Communication Committee is formed.
2002 Dec. The seventeenth IGS
Membership Directory includes
1792 individuals, 94 corporate members and 130 student members.
2003 Mar.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the
Portuguese Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation of the
Czech Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council to expand the council
meeting format to 3 days: officers, committees, council.
2003 May
- “Fast
Slope Movements-Prediction and Prevention for Risk Mitigation,” Naples, Italy, with the support of the IGS.
- “Occurrence and Mechanisms of Flows in Natural
Slopes and Earthfills,” (IW-Flows2003) Workshop, Sorrento, Italy, with the support of the IGS.
2003 Sept. “North
American Geosynthetics Society (NAGS) Conference,” Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada with the support of the IGS.
- The Mercer Lecture
is delivered by Richard J. Bathurst.
2003 Dec. The eighteenth
IGS Membership Directory includes 1757 individuals, 93 corporate members
and 142 student members.
2004 Mar. “EuroGeo3,” Third
IGS European Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, Munich, Germany.
Organized
under the auspices of the
IGS.
- The Fourth Student Awards presented to: Margarida
Pinho Lopes, Portugal; Dianea Tenea, Romania; Jan Kupec, United Kingdom;
Axel Ruiken, Germany;
Sidnei Heider
Cardoso Teixeira, Brazil; Enrico Crippa, Italy; Anton Bain, South Africa;
Bruno Chareyre, France; Sofie Desot, Belgium.
- The Mercer Lecture is
delivered by Dr. R.J. Bathurst.
2004 June “GeoAsia
2004.” Third IGS
Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, Seoul, Korea. Organized
under
the auspices of the IGS.
- The Fourth Student Awards presented to: Wang
Jun-Qi, China; S. Jayalekshmi, India; Fadzilah Saidin, North America;
Phoon Hung Leong, Singapore; Kouichi
Inoue, Japan; Min Ho Jang, Korea.
- The Eleventh IGS Council is formed.
- The Seventh
IGS Awards: J.P. Giroud, M. Shinoda, J. Zornberg. Jointly to
R.K. Rowe and A.L. Li. Jointly to E. Palmeira and M. Gardoni.
- Young IGS Member
Award to J. Kupec.
- IGS Service Award presented to J. Paul.
- The Mercer
Lecture is delivered by Dr. R.J. Bathurst.
2004 Sept.
- “International
Conference on Eco-Engineering – The Use of
Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability,” Thessaloniki, Greece. Organized
under the auspices of the IGS.
- “International Conference on the Use
of Geosynthetics in Soil Reinforcement and Dynamics," Dresden, Germany.
Organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2004 Oct. “Geofilters
2004,” Fourth International Conference on Filters
and Drainage in Geotechnical & Environmental Engineering, Stellenbosch,
South Africa. Organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2004 Dec. The
nineteenth IGS
Membership Directory includes 1737 individuals, 96 corporate
members and 264 student members.
2005 Jan. “GeoFrontiers 2005”, Austin,
Texas USA under the auspices of the IGS.
2005 Mar.
- “45th
Rankine Lecture” “Long term performance
of barrier systems: theory and practice; geotechnics and geosynthetics” Dr.
R.Kerry Rowe, Imperial College London, UK
- “International
Workshop on Hydro-Physico-Mechanics of Landfills”,
Grenoble, France organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2005 Sept.
- Approval
by the IGS Council of the formation of the Greek (HGS) Chapter.
2005 Oct.
- Sardinia
2005, “Tenth International Waste Management and
Landfill Symposium”, S.Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy organized
under the auspices of the IGS.
- Mercer Lecture is delivered
by Dr. J.P. Giroud.
2005 Nov. The IGS celebrated “20 years of IGS
NEWS”.
2005 Dec.
- “Tsunami
Reconstruction with Geosynthetics: Protection, Mitigation and Rehabilitation
of Coastal and Waterway Erosion Control”, Pathumthani,
Thailand, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
- "GRI“GRI-19 and NAGS 2005”,
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
- The twentieth IGS Membership Directory includes
1756 individual members, 102 corporate members and 212 student
members.
2006 April.
- Sixth Geo-Environmental Engineering Seminar,
Kyoto, Japan organized under the auspices of the IGS.
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered by Dr. J.P. Giroud.
2006 May
- “XIIIth Danube-European Conference on Geotechnical
Engineering”,
Ljubljana, Slovenia organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2006 June
- “5th International Congress on Environmental
Geotechnics”,
Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, organized under the auspices of the
IGS.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation
of the Chilean Chapter.
- Approval by the IGS Council of the formation
of the Mexican Chapter.
- "Rencontres Géosynthétiques 2006",
Montpellier, France, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2006
Sept.
- “8th International Conference on Geosynthetics (8ICG)”,
Yokohama, Japan
- The Sixth General Assembly of the IGS.
- The Twelfth IGS Council is formed.
- The African Activities Committee is formed.
- The Eighth IGS Awards presented to:
A. Aydilek, M. Bouazza, GSE Lining Technology-B. Ramsey.
- Young IGS Member
Award presented to: Y.I. Oh and jointly to N. Touze-Foltz and F.
Cartaud.
- The
Fifth Student Awards presented to: A. Baicu (Romania), C. Benjamim
(Brazil), F. Bussert (Germany), G. Fowmes (United Kingdom), S.B.
Kim (Korea), K. Lange (North America), B. LeHello (France),
A. LoGrasso (Italy),
S. Nakajima (Japan), T. Tanchaisawat (Thailand), Y. Zhuang
(China P.R.).
- Honorary membership is presented to: Dr. R. K. Rowe
- The IGS Plaque is
presented to: Dr. R.J. Bathurst, Ir. Wim Voskamp.
- The first IGS Achievement
Awards are presented.
- The IGS Pioneer ceremony is held.
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered by
Dr. J.P. Giroud.
- The IGS Giroud Lecture is delivered by C. Lawson.
- The 2005 Rankine Lecture
is delivered by Dr. R.K. Rowe.
2006 Nov.
- “Two
Decades of Geosynthetics in India” Applications of Geosynthetics,
New Delhi, India, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
- “International Conference on New Developments
in Geoenvironmental and Geotechnical Engineering”, Incheon,
Korea, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2006 Dec.
- The twenty-first IGS Membership Directory
includes 1869 individual members, 112 corporate members and 126 student
members.
2007 Jan.
- “Geosynthetics 2007”, Washington,
DC, USA, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2007 Feb.
- K-Geo 2007, Munich, Germany organized under
the auspices of the IGS.
- IGS Service Award is presented to R.
Floss
2007 May
- "Seventh GeoEnvironmental Engineering
Seminar", Grenoble, France, organized under the auspices of the
IGS.
2007 July
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered by Dr. Ennio M. Palmeira.
2007 Oct.
- “Sardinia 2007, 11th International Waste Management & Landfill
Symposium”, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy organized
under the auspices of the IGS.
- Approval by the
IGS Council of the formation of the Philippine Chapter.
2007 Nov.
- “IS Kyushu’07, 5th International Symposium
on Earth Reinforcement”,
Fukuoka, Japan, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
- “XXI Geotechnical Engineering Conference
of Torino “Geosynthetics and Environment”, Torino,
Italy, organized under the auspices of the IGS.
2007
Dec.
- “International Symposium on Geotechnical
Engineering, Ground Improvement & Geosynthetics for Human Security & Environmental
Preservation”, Bangkok, Thailand, organized under the auspices
of the IGS.
- The Mercer Lecture is delivered
by Dr. Ennio M. Palmeira.
- The twenty-second IGS Membership Directory
includes 1901 individual members, 112 corporate members and 95
student members.
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